Cyber Conflicts and Small States by Lech J. Janczewski William Caelli

Author:Lech J. Janczewski, William Caelli [Lech J. Janczewski, William Caelli]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Social Science, Criminology, Political Science, Peace
ISBN: 9781317155379
Google: SNUYDQAAQBAJ
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2016-09-17T03:23:57+00:00

New Zealand’s Geography

New Zealand is an island country located approximately 1,600 km southeast of Australia, bounded by the Tasman Sea to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The capital, Wellington is located at the southern tip of the North Island at approximately 41°S and 174°E. New Zealand comprises a number of islands and island groups, the largest of which are the North, the South, Stewart and Chatham. The population is approximately 4.54 million (Statistics New Zealand n.d.). New Zealand is geologically active, being on the junction of the Australian and Pacific plates (EncNZ n.d.), part of the 'Pacific Ring of Fire'. New Zealand is more than 1,600 km long, 450 km across at its widest part and has more than 18,000 km of coastline. The country is also very mountainous, with about three-quarters of the land 200 metres or more above sea-level. In the North Island, the principal mountain ranges run largely northeast to southwest parallel to the coast, from East Cape to Cook Strait, with further ranges and four volcanic peaks to the northwest. The South Island is much more mountainous than the North Island, with the Southern Alps, a massive mountain chain, running nearly the length of the island. There are many outlying ranges of the Southern Alps in the north and the southwest of the South Island (Statistics New Zealand 2010).

This geography and topography is challenging for the construction of infrastructure and the long, relatively narrow, nature of the country presents significant challenges in the routing of communication links, power lines, water supply and other delivery infrastructure, to avoid fault lines and to provide resilience in the event of earthquakes and other geological disturbances. New Zealand experiences an average of 20,000 earthquakes annually with approximately 500 earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 or greater. Around 250 earthquakes are felt each year (GNS Science n.d.).

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